STEM CELL
Introductions
Stem cells
have the remarkable potential to develop into many different cell types
in the body during early life and growth. In addition, in many tissues
they serve as a sort of internal repair system, dividing essentially
without limit to replenish other cells as long as the person or animal
is still alive. When a stem cell divides, each new cell has the
potential either to remain a stem cell or become another type of cell
with a more specialized function, such as a muscle cell, a red blood
cell, or a brain cell.
Stem cells are distinguished from other cell types by two important
characteristics. First, they are specialized cells capable of renewing
themselves through cell division,
sometimes after long periods of inactivity. Second, under certain
physiologic or experimental conditions, they can be induced to become
tissue- or organ-specific cells with special functions. In some organs,
such as the gut and bone marrow, stem cells regularly divide to repair
and replace worn out or damaged tissues. In other organs, however, such
as the pancreas and the heart, stem cells only divide under special
conditions.
Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells from animals and humans: embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic "somatic" or "adult" stem cells.
The functions and characteristics of these cells will be explained in
this document. Scientists discovered ways to derive embryonic stem cells
from early mouse embryos more than 30 years ago, in 1981. The detailed
study of the biology of mouse stem cells led to the discovery, in 1998,
of a method to derive stem cells from human embryos and grow the cells
in the laboratory. These cells are called human embryonic stem cells. The embryos used in these studies were created for reproductive purposes through in vitro fertilization
procedures. When they were no longer needed for that purpose, they were
donated for research with the informed consent of the donor. In 2006,
researchers made another breakthrough by identifying conditions that
would allow some specialized adult cells to be "reprogrammed"
genetically to assume a stem cell-like state. This new type of stem
cell, called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), will be discussed in a later section of this document.

Stem cells are important for living organisms for many reasons. In the 3- to 5-day-old embryo, called a blastocyst,
the inner cells give rise to the entire body of the organism, including
all of the many specialized cell types and organs such as the heart,
lungs, skin, sperm, eggs and other tissues. In some adult tissues, such
as bone marrow, muscle, and brain, discrete populations of adult stem
cells generate replacements for cells that are lost through normal wear
and tear, injury, or disease.
Given their unique regenerative abilities, stem cells offer new
potentials for treating diseases such as diabetes, and heart disease.
However, much work remains to be done in the laboratory and the clinic
to understand how to use these cells for cell-based therapies to treat disease, which is also referred to as regenerative or reparative medicine.
Laboratory studies of stem cells enable scientists to learn about the
cells’ essential properties and what makes them different from
specialized cell types. Scientists are already using stem cells in the
laboratory to screen new drugs and to develop model systems to study
normal growth and identify the causes of birth defects.
Research on stem cells
continues to advance knowledge about how an organism develops from a
single cell and how healthy cells replace damaged cells in adult
organisms. Stem cell research is one of the most fascinating areas of
contemporary biology, but, as with many expanding fields of scientific
inquiry, research on stem cells raises scientific questions as rapidly
as it generates new discoveries.
Benefit & Advantages
Adult
stem cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement
cells and tissues to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions and
disabilities. Adult stem cells are relatively quiescent (inactive)
cells, particularly in organisms where cell turnover is low, yet they
can mount a rapid and strong response to tissue stress and injury.
Adult stem cell transplants (bone marrow transplants) have been used
for over 40 years in successfully treating cancers such as leukemia,
multiple myeloma and lymphomas, and research has now opened the doors to
regenerative and reparative therapeutics. There has been an increase in
adult stem cell therapy clinical trials which are showing great promise
in the areas of skin and wound healing, orthopedics, and in treating
diseases including peripheral vascular disease, scleroderma, diabetes,
congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and much more.
- See more at: http://www.neostem.com/about/adult-stem-cells/#sthash.HZS3vgxx.dpuf
Adult
stem cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement
cells and tissues to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions and
disabilities. Adult stem cells are relatively quiescent (inactive)
cells, particularly in organisms where cell turnover is low, yet they
can mount a rapid and strong response to tissue stress and injury.
Adult stem cell transplants (bone marrow transplants) have been used
for over 40 years in successfully treating cancers such as leukemia,
multiple myeloma and lymphomas, and research has now opened the doors to
regenerative and reparative therapeutics. There has been an increase in
adult stem cell therapy clinical trials which are showing great promise
in the areas of skin and wound healing, orthopedics, and in treating
diseases including peripheral vascular disease, scleroderma, diabetes,
congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and much more.
- See more at: http://www.neostem.com/about/adult-stem-cells/#sthash.HZS3vgxx.dpuf
Adult
stem cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement
cells and tissues to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions and
disabilities. Adult stem cells are relatively quiescent (inactive)
cells, particularly in organisms where cell turnover is low, yet they
can mount a rapid and strong response to tissue stress and injury.
Adult stem cell transplants (bone marrow transplants) have been used
for over 40 years in successfully treating cancers such as leukemia,
multiple myeloma and lymphomas, and research has now opened the doors to
regenerative and reparative therapeutics. There has been an increase in
adult stem cell therapy clinical trials which are showing great promise
in the areas of skin and wound healing, orthopedics, and in treating
diseases including peripheral vascular disease, scleroderma, diabetes,
congestive heart failure, myocardial infarction, and much more.
- See more at: http://www.neostem.com/about/adult-stem-cells/#sthash.HZS3vgxx.dpuf
Adult stem cells offer the possibility of a renewable source of replacement cells and tissues to treat a myriad of diseases, conditions and disabilities. Adult stem cells are relatively quiescent (inactive) cells, particularly in organisms where cell turnover is low, yet they can mount a rapid and strong response to tissue stress and injury.
Adult stem cell transplants (bone marrow transplants) have been used for over 40 years in successfully treating cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma and lymphomas, and research has now opened the doors to regenerative and reparative therapeutics. There has been an increase in adult stem cell therapy clinical trials which are showing great promise in the areas of skin and wound healing, orthopedics, and in treating diseases including peripheral vascular disease, scleroderma, diabetes, congestive heart failure, my ocardial infarction, and much more.
Why and how this thing so value in future?
The history of research on adult stem cells began about 50 years ago. In the 1950s, researchers discovered that the bone marrow contains at least two kinds of stem cells. One population, called hematopoietic stem cells, forms all the types of blood cells in the body. A second population, called bone marrow stromal stem cells (also called mesenchymal stem cells, or skeletal stem cells by some), were discovered a few years later. These non-hematopoietic stem cells make up a small proportion of the stromal cell population in the bone marrow, and can generate bone, cartilage, fat, cells that support the formation of blood, and fibrous connective tissue.
The
history of research on adult stem cells began about 50 years ago. In
the 1950s, researchers discovered that the bone marrow contains at least
two kinds of stem cells. One population, called hematopoietic stem
cells, forms all the types of blood cells in the body. A second
population, called bone marrow stromal stem cells (also called
mesenchymal stem cells, or skeletal stem cells by some), were discovered
a few years later. These non-hematopoietic stem cells make up a small
proportion of the stromal cell population in the bone marrow, and can
generate bone, cartilage, fat, cells that support the formation of
blood, and fibrous connective tissue. - See more at:
http://www.neostem.com/about/adult-stem-cells/#sthash.HZS3vgxx.dpuf